The company targets “socially and environmentally conscious smokers” who want to stand out of the crowd (McDaniel and Malone 2007). Natural American Spirit cigarettes, produced by Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company, are promoted to be additive-free and thus supposed to be natural and healthy tobacco products. The ToPIQ-II study tends to investigate brand-specific differences in the amount of PM emission of different tobacco products.
Moreover, we believe it is crucial to provide consumers with information not only about nicotine-, tar- and CO-content of their cigarette, but about the amount of PM that is released by it, as it presents a risk factor on its own. Taking into account that the majority of people spend their time indoors, and many are involuntarily exposed to CMSS, we find it extremely relevant to investigate PM levels that occur by smoking inside. Studies suggest that besides various other noxious substances in CMSS, PM itself is a health-threatening component of CMSS, leading to increased illness and deaths (Atkinson et al 2001 Bell et al. These findings also match for Germany (Brenner and Mielck 1993).Ĭombined Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke (CMSS) exposure causes death of 41,000 American adult non-smokers every year (King et al. In some of these households smoking takes place in the presence of children (Albar et al. More than 50% of England´s households have at least one smoker. People spend almost 87% of their daily lives inside (Klepeis et al. PM levels can sometimes be higher in enclosed buildings than outdoors because PM concentrations are less diluted indoors (Umweltbundesamt 2014). Department of Health and Human Services 1986 Lai et al. cardiovascular, respiratory tract diseases, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), preterm birth and premature death (Bell et al. Particles with a size of less than 2.5 µm are even able to reach the alveoli, the gas exchange regions, where they might also be transferred to the bloodstream (Siponen et al. The smaller the diameter of the particles, the deeper they can reach into our respiratory system (Li et al. Furthermore the toxicity of PM is size-depending. After being inhaled PM causes severe consequences on human health in a dose–response manner, which has been demonstrated in several studies (Choudhury et al. 2 PM originates either from natural sources such as fire, volcano eruption or pollen or from human activities such as cooking, heating, industries, traffic or smoking (see footnote 1).
1 PM 1 defines ultrafine particles with a size of less than 1 µm. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) distinguishes PM 10 or coarse particles with a diameter of 2.5–10 µm and PM 2.5 or fine particles with a diameter of 2.5 µm or less. PM consists of solid and liquid droplets floating through the air and can be inhaled by our lungs. Besides other noxious components, airborne particulate matter (PM) contributes to ambient air pollution. Air pollution and its health hazards have been an important issue for researchers for decades.
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